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New NASA Radar Technique Finds Lost Lunar Spacecraft
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
March 9, 2017

Finding derelict spacecraft and space debris in Earth's orbit can be a technological challenge. Detecting these objects in orbit around Earth's
moon is even more difficult. Optical telescopes are unable to search for
small objects hidden in the bright glare of the moon. However, a new technological
application of interplanetary radar pioneered by scientists at NASA's
Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, has successfully located spacecraft orbiting the moon -- one active, and one dormant. This new technique could assist planners of future moon missions.

"We have been able to detect NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter [LRO]
and the Indian Space Research Organization's Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft
in lunar orbit with ground-based radar," said Marina Brozovic, a radar scientist at JPL and principal investigator for the test project. "Finding
LRO was relatively easy, as we were working with the mission's navigators
and had precise orbit data where it was located. Finding India's Chandrayaan-1 required a bit more detective work because the last contact with the spacecraft

was in August of 2009."

Add to the mix that the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft is very small, a cube
about five feet (1.5 meters) on each side -- about half the size of a
smart car. Although the interplanetary radar has been used to observe
small asteroids several million miles from Earth, researchers were not
certain that an object of this smaller size as far away as the moon could
be detected, even with the world's most powerful radars. Chandrayaan-1
proved the perfect target for demonstrating the capability of this technique.

While they all use microwaves, not all radar transmitters are created
equal. The average police radar gun has an operational range of about
one mile, while air traffic control radar goes to about 60 miles. To find
a spacecraft 237,000 miles (380,000 kilometers) away, JPL's team used
NASA's 70-meter (230-foot) antenna at NASA's Goldstone Deep Space Communications
Complex in California to send out a powerful beam of microwaves directed toward the moon. Then the radar echoes bounced back from lunar orbit were received by the 100-meter (330-foot) Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia.

Finding a derelict spacecraft at lunar distance that has not been tracked
for years is tricky because the moon is riddled with mascons (regions
with higher-than-average gravitational pull) that can dramatically affect
a spacecraft's orbit over time, and even cause it to have crashed into
the moon. JPL's orbital calculations indicated that Chandrayaan-1 is still circling some 124 miles (200 kilometers) above the lunar surface, but
it was generally considered "lost."

However, with Chandrayaan-1, the radar team utilized the fact that this spacecraft is in polar orbit around the moon, so it would always cross
above the lunar poles on each orbit. So, on July 2, 2016, the team pointed Goldstone and Green Bank at a location about 100 miles (160 kilometers)
above the moon's north pole and waited to see if the lost spacecraft crossed the radar beam. Chandrayaan-1 was predicted to complete one orbit around
the moon every two hours and 8 minutes. Something that had a radar signature of a small spacecraft did cross the beam twice during four hours of observations,
and the timings between detections matched the time it would take Chandrayaan-1

to complete one orbit and return to the same position above the moon's
pole.

The team used data from the return signal to estimate its velocity and
the distance to the target. This information was then used to update the orbital predictions for Chandrayaan-1.

"It turns out that we needed to shift the location of Chandrayaan-1 by
about 180 degrees, or half a cycle from the old orbital estimates from
2009," said Ryan Park, the manager of JPL's Solar System Dynamics group,
who delivered the new orbit back to the radar team. "But otherwise, Chandrayaan-1's
orbit still had the shape and alignment that we expected."

Radar echoes from the spacecraft were obtained seven more times over three months and are in perfect agreement with the new orbital predictions.
Some of the follow-up observations were done with the Arecibo Observatory
in Puerto Rico, which has the most powerful astronomical radar system
on Earth. Arecibo is operated by the National Science Foundation with
funding from NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office for the radar capability.

Hunting down LRO and rediscovering Chandrayaan-1 have provided the start
for a unique new capability. Working together, the large radar antennas
at Goldstone, Arecibo and Green Bank demonstrated that they can detect
and track even small spacecraft in lunar orbit. Ground-based radars could possibly play a part in future robotic and human missions to the moon,
both for a collisional hazard assessment tool and as a safety mechanism
for spacecraft that encounter navigation or communication issues.

JPL manages and operates NASA's Deep Space Network, including the Goldstone Solar System Radar, and hosts the Center for Near-Earth Object Studies
for NASA's Near-Earth Object Observations Program, an element of the Planetary Defense Coordination Office within the agency's Science Mission Directorate.

More information about asteroids and near-Earth objects can be found at:

http://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroidwatch

For more information about NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office, visit:

http://www.nasa.gov/planetarydefense

For asteroid and comet news and updates, follow AsteroidWatch on Twitter:

twitter.com/AsteroidWatch

News Media Contact
DC Agle
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California
818-393-9011
agle@jpl.nasa.gov

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